The attacks come after an alleged Iranian drone struck another commercial vessel in the Strait of Hormuz on Saturday.
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For a second day in a row, the United States has launched strikes on Iran, once again citing an attack against a commercial vessel as a motivation.
Saturday’s renewed attacks are the latest indication that a Middle East ceasefire, established as part of a June 17 memorandum of understanding between the US and Iran, might be at breaking point.
In a statement, US Central Command (CENTCOM), which directs military action in the Middle East, explained that the latest attacks came “at the Commander in Chief’s direction”.
“CENTCOM forces launched strikes today in direct response to continued Iranian aggression against commercial shipping,” the command centre wrote.
“U.S. military aircraft targeted Iranian military surveillance infrastructure, communication systems, air defense sites, drone storage facilities, and minelayer capabilities.”
Explosions were reported in southern Iran, around the village of Tahrui, near the port of Sirik, which was also the focal point of Friday’s US attacks. State media also indicated that Qeshm Island had been hit.
In a social media post less than two hours after the strikes began, US President Donald Trump warned that Saturday’s attacks could be a precursor to more intense fighting, should Iran fail to comply with Washington’s expectations.
He criticised Iran for repeatedly violating the ceasefire memorandum, an accusation both sides have traded.
“It is very possible that they will never learn,” Trump wrote.
“There may come a point when we are no longer able to be reasonable, and will be forced to militarily complete the job that we very successfully started. If that happens, the Islamic Republic of Iran will no longer exist!”
Saturday’s strikes against Iran followed a similar playbook to Friday’s.
Early on Saturday morning, at about 4:30am Eastern US time (08:00 GMT), the Panama-flagged tanker Kiku was travelling through the Strait of Hormuz when it was reportedly hit by an unidentified projectile.
No crew members were injured, and no leakage was reported from its cargo.
CENTCOM said the ship had been carrying more than 2 million barrels of crude oil when it was hit by a “one-way attack drone”.
The website MarineTraffic.com indicates that the tanker left the Al Shaheen oilfield on Thursday and is due to dock in Fujairah, in the United Arab Emirates, on Sunday.
A similar sequence of events prompted Friday’s volley of US attacks.
In that case, a Singapore-registered container ship, the Ever Lovely, was struck by a drone as it sailed through the Strait of Hormuz on Thursday. No one on board was injured, and the boat continued on its travels.
But Trump denounced the drone strike on Friday as a “foolish violation” of the June 17 memorandum.
By that evening, the US and Iran had exchanged fire, with the US targeting the area around Sirik, and Iran hitting US military installations in the Middle East.
CENTCOM referenced Friday’s actions in announcing the latest round of strikes.
“After yesterday’s U.S. strikes in response to the Iranian attack on M/V Ever Lovely, Iran was given a chance to honor the ceasefire agreement,” CENTCOM wrote.
Iran “elected not to”, it added, citing the Kiku drone strike. CENTCOM also maintained that commercial traffic through the Strait of Hormuz, a sticking point in ceasefire negotiations, would continue, with US military backing.
“U.S. forces remain vigilant, lethal, and ready,” CENTCOM said in its statement.
Central to the latest round of fighting is control over the Strait of Hormuz, a key artery for maritime traffic. Nearly 20 percent of the world’s oil supply passed through the narrow waterway in peacetime, as well as significant quantities of fertiliser and natural gas.
But after the US and Israel launched attacks on Iran on February 28, starting the present-day war, Tehran moved to shut down traffic through the strait, which sits between its shores and Oman’s.
Iran’s decision sent global fuel prices skyrocketing, generating domestic and international pressure for the Trump administration.
The June 17 memorandum was designed to provide relief. Though it was a prelude to further negotiations, the deal called for the US, Iran, and their allies to “declare the immediate and permanent termination of military operations on all fronts, including in Lebanon”.
It also outlined a 60-day period during which Iran was to make its “best efforts” at allowing commercial traffic to transit through the Strait of Hormuz at no charge.
That part of the deal specified that Iran and Oman would determine “future administration and maritime services” in the waterway.
But continued fighting in Lebanon has prompted Iran to threaten the strait’s closure once more.
Then there is the question of the memorandum’s terms. Experts say the US and Iran have come to different understandings of how the June deal should be enforced.
Al Jazeera correspondent Resul Serdar Atas explained that Iran believes it should be allowed to restrict commercial traffic that does not have clearance to pass through the strait.
“Article Five of the memorandum of understanding, according to the Iranian officials, is clearly saying that any ship, whether it’s going through the Iranian territorial water or the Omani territorial water, has to be in full coordination with the Iranian authorities,” he said.
“But that is not understanding of Americans. The Americans are saying, ‘Well, if it is going through the Omani territorial waters, they do not need to coordinate with the Iranian authorities.'”
That, in turn, is leading to a disagreement over who is violating the terms of the ceasefire. The US sees Iran as violating the agreement by interfering with commercial vessels, while Tehran perceives Washington as breaking its commitment to stop fighting.
“That is the pattern,” Serdar Atas said. “For Americans, keeping the Strait of Hormuz open is quite important for the stability of the global economy. But for Iran, the Strait of Hormuz being under Iranian control is the ultimate deterrence and the biggest leverage.”
Some of the hostilities are a result of the high level of distrust between Tehran and Washington, according to Hassan Ahmadian, a professor at the University of Tehran.
He noted that Iran’s insistence that ships passing through the Strait of Hormuz receive its clearance could be read as a defensive action.
“I think the Iranians will not let go of this because, obviously, they want only commercial ships, according to the MoU, to pass through the strait. So any ship that doesn’t coordinate might be a military one, might carry military stuff,” Ahmadian said.
He believes that the latest flurry of US attacks may prompt Iran to halt any deliberations with the Trump administration as they seek to cement a peace deal.
The US side, meanwhile, is likely to face pressure from rising oil prices as a result of the renewed fighting, according to Harlan Ullman, a retired US naval officer and chairman of The Killowen Group, a global advisory firm.
Still, Ullman warned that the latest exchange of fire could spiral into an escalation in violence, rendering the memorandum of understanding moot.
“The agreements are very, very fragile, and this tit-for-tat could get out of hand,” Ullman said.
“If prices go up, as I suspect they will, that will be a moderating influence, and I think the United States will consider that rising oil prices are not good, and it will probably continue the negotiations. But right now, who knows?”
Already, congressional Democrats have warned they may take action if the US strikes continue.
Just last Tuesday, both chambers of the US Congress passed a war powers resolution calling on Trump to seek the legislature’s approval before taking any further military action against Iran.
One of the resolution’s proponents, Representative Ro Khanna of California, reacted to the latest strikes by threatening further congressional action to constrain the president.
“These strikes are a blatant violation of the War Powers Resolution that we passed,” Khanna wrote on social media. “Trump must stop this war now — or we will take him to court to compel him to do so.”
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